Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Essay on Managing Own Continuous Professional Development

Lawrence O.W. Lingad OSCA No.: 4635 M5.31 Managing Own Continuing Professional Development __________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Be able to review personal and work-related development experiences, aims, objectives and priorities. 2.1 Evaluate prior learning and work-related experience to identify personal strength and weaknesses in self-development. Humans by nature never stop learning; we undertake learning at different stages of our lives and acquire skills and competences in variety of areas. These learning may have been certified (by an academic or educational body) whilst others are not certified learning through work, social and leisure time activities. Recognising†¦show more content†¦(Recognition of Prior Learning) The term and the assessment or evaluation criteria being used varies between governing body, institutions and countries. There is the popularity of the need to recognise informal learning so as to make learning accessible to everyone. To justify the need for RPL, I have discussed some of its benefits below. Benefits of Recognition of Prior Learning The Learner: * It validates the worth of learning achieved by themselves * Increases self-esteem and confidence * Encourages learners to pursue education * May reduce the cost of college education by eliminating duplication of learning * Enables progression to other programme of study * Increases learner’s perception and understanding that learning is a lifelong process The Educational Institution: * Provides a vital service for the community, business and industry * Financial gain through increase in student recruitment and retention * Increases in efficiency by reducing the need for unnecessary training * Enables for more appropriate learner placement in programmes The Workplace and the Community: * It encourages workplace partnership with the educational institution * It helps in recognising lifelong learning and society’s need for a productive and capable workforce. (Benefits of PRL) In my own understanding, Prior Learning is knowledge and experiences from the past that can beShow MoreRelatedHr a Short Briefing for New Hr Colleagues to Help Them Perform Effectively and Efficiently in Their Roles.986 Words   |  4 Pagesyou as a HR Professional As a HR Professional, you are expected to exhibit certain behaviours and demonstrate certain activities which can be defined within bands of professional competence. http://www.cipd.co.uk/cipd-hr-profession/hr-profession-map/explore-map.aspx HR Professionals must understand the business and culture for which they serve and the HR strategy must be aligned to this. As shown in the map above, there are ten professional areas in which as a HR Professional you should striveRead MoreHr Profession Map Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesunit 4DEP (HR) is my own. 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Reflection is a continuous debate on what might have happened differently and if this could affect differently the present and the future regarding the outcome if is positive or negative. Experience underpin the process of reflection. According to Nursing Midwifery CouncilRead MoreDeveloping Professional Practice2553 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Developing Professional Practice Introduction and terms of reference This report will demonstrate my understanding of what is required to be an effective and efficient HR professional and apply CPD techniques to construct, implement and review a personal development plan. The report will discuss the CIPD HR Profession Map and how the framework and standards within it define a HR professional. The professional areas, the bands and the behaviours will be outlined and the two core professional areas as

Monday, December 23, 2019

Personal Statement Personal Fitness - 2145 Words

Personal fitness is the better way to achieve a healthier life. There is nothing else that will make you feel the way than exercising can. Many scientist and doctors have done studies to see what exactly happens to your body when you perform a regular moderate workout. The results where astounding, and has many people changing their lives for the better when they found out what really goes on during that work out. So personal fitness can greatly improves ones physical, mental and quality of life all by a simple regular work out. When someone wants to work out they usually do it for the physical benefits. What people don’t know and really should know, is that personal fitness can greatly improve your mental state. It can help your brain function in multiple ways that people never knew could be related to physical activity. Stress isn’t something you would go exercising for but it can truly help with it. Doctor Sophia Breene found that â€Å"One of the most common mental benefits of exercise is stress relief† (Sophia Breene). This means that people need to know that when they exercise they can gain so much more than just muscles, it can make their lives much easier on themselves just by helping there brain and mental state with a little exercise. If people can work off their stress they will be able to accomplish more in their work day then people that don’t due to an over load of stress. Therefor if personal fitness can benefit your brain with stress then it can also help you bySh ow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement Of A Fitness App1511 Words   |  7 PagesAs of 2014 almost one third of all smartphone users in the U.S. used a fitness app in the past year and I am one of them (â€Å"Hacking Health†). Last year, I was gifted a Fitbit for Christmas from my father and I began to use it every day along with a calorie counting app called MyFitnessPal. My main goal was to lose weight, and I did. The combination between MyFitnessPal and Fitbit was perfect. I could log my activity with one and what I ate with the other. At my lowest, I had lost close to fifteenRead MorePersonal Statement For A Fitness Trainer987 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a fitness trainer. I strive to motivate and inspire others to live a healthy lifestyle. Although a degree is not required to complete this goal, I feel that a Bachelor of Science in Health and Wellness from Kaplan will give me a better understanding of the human body and broaden my career path. I will gain knowledge from Kaplan to exceed in the fitness world. Fitness trainers help individual’s reach fitness and nutrition goals by motivating and inspiring individuals or groups. Fitness trainersRead MorePersonal Statement On Health And Fitness1639 Words   |  7 PagesHealth and fitness has always been a big part of my life even without knowing it, but the transition changed from sport and athletics to the gym and trying to achieve what I thought was expected of me socially. After a year of lagging progress and nearly giving up I decided to give it one more shot I just needed to go after it a different way. I needed to educate myself on the process I was going to undergo to achieve my goals. So I turned to the internet, more specifically Youtube, it became myRead MorePersonal Statement : 24 Hour Fitness2136 Words   |  9 Pages24 Hour Fitness Mission Statement 24 Hour Fitness recognizes that every individual has different fitness goals and their own unique views of what fitness means to them. Therefore, for over 30 years, they have maintained one simple mission and that is to â€Å"help improve people’s lives through fitness.† CEO Information/ How It Got Started While attending California State University in Hayward, to earn a degree in business administration, Mark Mastrov, founder of 24 Hour Fitness developed anRead MorePersonal Statement On Taking Fitness Wellness1147 Words   |  5 Pagesschool year semester. I was not at all fond about taking Fitness Wellness. I was honestly dreading the fact of working out. However, I knew I needed to take it and be a trooper about it. After all I could not really debate about it or complain about it. The Reason being it was a requirement set for me. Even though I was not excited about taking this program. I still decided to set up some personal goals, before starting the course. One personal goal of mine was to lose the extra body fat I had gainedRead MoreMy Personal Statement For My Fitness1526 Words   |  7 Pages For online P.E. this year, my primary goals were to increase my overall fitness. I do not find the time to exercise frequently during the school year, so I wanted to develop a routine t hat was doable, enjoyable, and beneficial for my overall health. I set two goals: to increase the number of push-ups and sit-ups I can do in one set, and also to build up cardiorespiratory endurance (by training myself to run 5 miles in a single hour). As such, I chose exercises and activities that would help me achieveRead MoreMy Personal Statement For My Fitness1852 Words   |  8 PagesFor online P.E. this year, my primary goal was to increase my overall fitness. During the past school year, I did not often find the time to exercise, so I wanted to develop a routine that was doable, enjoyable, and beneficial for my health. I set two overarching goals: to increase the number of push-ups and sit-ups I can do in one set, and also to build up cardiorespiratory endurance (by training myself to run 5 miles in a single hour). As such, I chose exercises and activities that would help meRead MoreEssay on Bus 475 Week 2 Individual1692 Words   |  7 PagesBody Fitness Body Fitness is a new state of the art fitness facility coming to the valley that will offer the finest workout equipment, intense one-on-one personal training, proper supplemental nutrition plans, and strategic planning for a patient’s course of action to get in shape. Each fitness facility will offer the essential wide range of work out equipment and will be staffed to accommodate clients from high school age to retirement. Clients will consist of the average high school studentRead MoreEssay Personal Trainer1261 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Trainer Personal trainers are responsible for training individuals and developing a healthy workout regimen for all their clients. They often work with different muscle groups and combine this knowledge with cardiovascular training to provide their clients with the best exercise program possible. They may demonstrate various exercises and improve their clients technique. They work either in a clients home or a gym. Personal trainers conduct fitness consultations and assessments.Read MoreHow Effective Marketing, Financial and Human Resource Management Activities Could Be Expected to Contribute to Fitness Firsts Success.1496 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be examining how Fitness First uses marketing, finance and human resource management to continually be an effective and sustainable sports organisation. Fitness First is the largest gym, health and fitness group in the world with more than 1.5 million members and over 550 fitness clubs. (www.fitnessfirst.co.uk, 2009) The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as â€Å"†¦the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Discussing Business and Communications Free Essays

When someone mentions the word communication, one†s thoughts turn to a newspaper, the radio, television, or another more common means of mass-type communication. One does not usually make the connection between communication and other institutions such as business. Good business, however, goes hand in hand with good communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussing Business and Communications or any similar topic only for you Order Now Good managers and professionals realize that the ability to communicate is not a silly frill; it†s a necessity that helps all accomplish their work (Murphy 2). Therefore the question is often posed: Are these problems of poor communications that face managers and professionals becoming more and more critical? The evidence suggests the answer to be yes- these problems are serious and are growing more and more serious everyday. John O. Morris, a Management Communications Consultant consolidates this problem into a single statement called the Morris Maxim. It states that â€Å"Communications problems grow much faster in any organization than the organization itself grows† (Morris 3). This maxim emphasizes the need for better communication in organizations such as big business through the implication of what would happen if that organization did not fix it†s structure to better handle increasing communication needs. However, before dealing with a solution to the problem of communication in business, (frequently dubbed business speak) it is important to understand how big business operates. Big business was created in the mid-1800†³s to organize corporations such as the railroad, oil and steel industries. At that time, the only other organizations that had a similar size and structure were the Roman Catholic Church and the United States Army. These organizations are extremely authoritative in nature, and use a system of hierarchical communication. This translates into a business organization/communication style which is basically condescending in nature and is based primarily on status . Business speak is often straight, to the point, and beneficial to the individual speaking first, and to others second. This shows its hierarchical origins in that very often, the speaker is one who will use one or more power strategies, mostly the perception that someone can inflict negative consequences. Other issues in business communications include lack of responsibility in the upper ranks of the hierarchy, lack of training in good communications for the majority of employees, and lack of honest, direct conversation between business and it†s customers. These problems need to be fixed for a business to truly succeed, and can be fixed if managers and high-ranking officials take the initiative and implement a few simple and straightforward techniques into their business styles. Current problems facing business communications deal mainly with the apparent lack of functional inter-level communication. That is, communication employees as well as customers can understand. One of the main reasons behind this lack of understandable communication is that there are some many ways to avoid good communication and maintain the status quo for the short term. These mostly pertain to issues brought to a company from outside sources. These include letters of complaint, inquiries from government bodies such as the Federal Trade Commission, and published evaluations (i. e. editorials, product reviews). Instead of addressing these issues head-on and dealing with them, companies are more likely to dodge responsibility. There are 2 main ways to dodge accountability: denial and evasion of responsibility (Benoit, 90). In using denial, a corporation or employee refuses any wrong-doing, and usually transfers blame to another company or employee, often one that is lower on the â€Å"corporate ladder†. This is similar to evasion of responsibility, which often names scapegoats. In addition to that, evasion tactics often claim that any wrong-doing was an accident, or that the intentions behind their actions were good. These tactics allow for excuses to be made and for responsibility to be forgotten. Lastly, some companies will refuse to accept any wrongdoing, and simply fix the problem. This was the case when Tylenol was accused of allowing their merchandise to be tampered by not putting a safety seal on their product†s bottle. This prompted Tylenol†s executives to start sealing their bottles, but they never accepted responsibility for not sealing them in the first place (Benoit 92). This is just one example of a company distancing itself from blame. In order for there to be good communication, corporations must begin accepting responsibility for their actions, and begin making sound business decisions based on what the customer wants and needs. This would be most advantageously served with clear communication between a company and it†s customers. On the whole, communications between companies and customers are based on a â€Å"need to know† basis. There are exceptions to this rule, however. One company has done an increasingly good job in maintaining good communications lines with it†s customers. Intel, Inc. s a computer micro-processor firm that controls over 90% of the computer chip-set industry (Yahoo Tech Headlines). In their annual report, Intel†s top executives announced the creation of a â€Å"sort of RD lab and strategic think tank to the industry† in which â€Å"we (will) work with PC makers, software developers and PC users to understand their future needs and wishes, and work intensely with industry leaders to develop products or specifications that meet those needs†. In doing so, Intel has opened a direct link to it†s customers, allowing for direct customer impact on some of Intel†s management and directional decisions. However, even the most open and direct company is not without it†s business speak. The following was taken from the same annual report, under the heading â€Å"Taking responsibility for our own growth†: We know we can’t wait for growth to come to us. We are responsible for our own future and work to make it as successful as possible by removing roadblocks to PC platform growth, developing preference for the Intel Inside(R) brand among PC users and supporting emerging PC markets around the world. Together, these strategies build value for our stockholders, which is, after all, our most important goal. While this may look like a positive, non-aggressive statement, one finds a different meaning when looking at it from a business speak point of view. The most obvious example of business speak is the phrase â€Å"removing roadblocks to PC platform growth†. Basically stated, Intel wants to buyout or take-over any companies that might stand in the way of allowing Intel to control the industry. If Intel were to come right out and say this, there would be massive investigations from government and consumer groups that would plague Intel for years. Therefore, by tailoring what they tell their customers and stockholders, they are dodging a bullet and enforcing a hierarchical position over it†s customers and stockholders. However, customers are not the only one†s often left in the dark on business decisions. Sometimes, even high ranking officials are not consulted and are left to adapt to a change they had no say in. Such was the case with James Bennett, CEO of Picadilly Cafeterias, Inc. In 1986, then chief financial officer Bennett sat in a meeting and listened as Picadilly†s CEO announced plans to change the recipes of some of their most popular items. These changes were to be unannounced and were never tested or approved internally. There was no communication between the CEO and the company. James Bennett quit later that week and Picadilly†s sales plummeted from $11 a share to $6 (Forbes, 63). In 1992, Bennett was back in action, this time as CEO. He began a comprehensive overhaul that brought back the â€Å"good home cooking† that was the Picadilly tradition. â€Å"I†m just going back to ways that have always worked† (Forbes, 63). Those ways included clear communication between customer and company, as well as between employer and employee. That difference has translated into profit: shares in Picadilly are now worth $14 a piece (Forbes 64). He proved that a business can not be run on a spreadsheet alone. Knowledge in the area of communication, even if at the most elementary level is one of the key factors in a successful employment history. In a survey of 13,586 of its college graduates, General Electric Company found that the great majority of its employees cited written and verbal communication as the college training that had contributed most to their success in business (Zelko 7). It for this reason that many colleges have reported an increase in enrollment in communications classes. In addition to college courses, companies are now beginning to take the initiative and teach their current employees communications skills. This in-service of sorts can be accomplished very efficiently if a few guidelines are met. These include the establishment of an informal and permissive climate, the establishment of the value and importance of the training, and general across-the-board participation- that is, contributions to the group from all of it†s members (Zelko, 8). These guidelines ensure that the environment will be right to help educate the employee that is not versed in communication. This training can be a catalyst in the growth of a business, as well as helping to create a work-friendly environment that encourages productivity (Murphy 9). The American Management Association calls the ability to communicate a â€Å"vital skill of management†, and declare that â€Å"progressive companies now recognize (this ability)†. It is important to improve not only downward communication , but upward communication as well. Values of good downward communication include the ability to help a manager†s authority to be accepted, an evocation of cooperation that helps to solve problems, and a general expression of a more friendly atmosphere that builds morale everywhere (Murphy 281). Values of enhanced upward communication include the ability to forewarn top management of employees† reaction to policies, clarification of directives, and ability to offer valuable ideas to supervisors (Murphy 281). These values can help improve business exponentially, mostly due to the combined efforts of employees and their supervisors. When upward and downward communication has been established, the major problems dealing with communications in business will be eliminated. The hierarchy that is big business will become less prominent, and the business will function much better. A basic analogy that sums up hierarchical structure in business is this- when times are rough, a car that uses both the front and rear tires to move will make out better than a car that uses just the front wheels. Business should be considered a vehicle that has four-wheel drive, not a vehicle with front-wheel drive. In conclusion, communicating in business is one of the leading restraints that a corporation has to deal with in it†s advancement up the ladder of success. However, if a business chooses to hone it†s ability to communicate and increase the level of productivity due to the sharing of ideas all across the corporate ladder, employee and consumer alike will share the increase in quality of a business products, be it computer microprocessors, or cafeteria food. In short, good communication makes good business. How to cite Discussing Business and Communications, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Project Management of One-Day Sport Tournament Case Study Report

Question: Discuss about the Report for Project Management of One-Day Sports Tournament. Answer: Introduction of the project A one-day sports tournament will be arranged for P L Pvt. Ltd. Being the project manager in-charge of this arrangement, the most important duty is to make proper planning and organisation so that the one-day sports tournament can be arranged successfully. As the company does not have any common room or any arrangement of indoor games, therefore it is decided that outdoor games will be played (Reid Ritchie, 2011). Now keeping the mind on the work pressure and health of the employees of the company Cricket is chosen as the outdoor sport. The tournament will be played in the nearby ground which is known as the field of sports. It will take place 20th August 2016. Four teams can take part in this tournament. It will be a 10-10 over match. Each team will contain eleven players. A lottery system will be made for selecting the teams for grouping. There will be two groups group A and group B. Each group will contain 2 teams. First, in the group stage, the teams of the same group will play against each other. The winners from the two groups will play the final match. The tournament will start 7 o clock in the morning. At 7 o clock, the Managing director and CEO of the company will provide a short speech. The first match will start on 8 A.M. after fifteen minutes of the completion of the first group match; the second group match will start. The arrangement of meals and beverages will be provided (Mikkelsen, 2010). The final match will take place 2 P.M. The prize distribution will be done from 6 P.M. the prizes will be distributed to the winning team by the CEO of the company. The four teams will be provided different dresses in order distinguish them. The balls, bat, wickets, and all the protective equipment and materials will be provided by the company. The match referee and the umpires will be selected from outside and only experts will be considered. Project scope statement The project scope statement contains the following checklists: Objective of the project The main and primary objective of this project is to organise a successful one-day sports tournament for P L Pvt. Ltd. Deliverables The deliverables of this project are given below: To arrange a quality podium on the ground so that the CEO and MD can provide their speeches To provide quality cricket kits To organise good and proper foods and beverages To provide few quality shades with sitting arrangements for the players Milestones There are several milestones of this project and these are given below: To get permit from the ground authority within 15th August 2016 To prepare the podium and shades within 19th August 2016 To arrange the cricket kits within 19th August 2016 To prepare or inspect the pitch on 19th August 2016 and again in the early morning on 20th August 2016 To arrange the adequate foods and beverages within the morning of 20th August 2016 Technical requirements The technical requirements of this project are given below: To arrange lights and emergency lights on the ground and especially on the podium To provide mike systems on the podium For observing and monitoring the lights, fans, and other electronics and electrical devices few technicians will be kept. Limits and exclusions of the project There are several limitations of this project. The permit for playing in the ground can be obtained till 7 P.M. of the day of the tournament. Therefore, the matches and the prize giving ceremony must be completed by 6.30 P.M. of that day so that the ground can be evacuated with 7 o clock in the evening of that day (Lawton, 2011). The crickets will be taken as rent from a retailer and those must also be returned within 8 P.M. of the same day. The technicians will start to pack their items including lights, fans and other electrical and electronic items from 7 o clock in the evening of the day of the tournament (Patel, 2008). Therefore at any cost, the tournament must be started on time so that it can be finished within the specified time duration. Review of the management of the company The project plans and the schedule must be checked from the management of P L Pvt. Ltd and the feedback and review of the management must be obtained (Kerzner, 2001). According to the managements feedback, if any planning needs to be changed then it has to be now. Establishing project priorities The project priorities can be understood with the help of the following matrix and it is known as the project priority matrix (Maylor, 2010): Time Scope or performance Cost Constrain o Enhance o Accept o Here, in this project, time is fixed. The arrangement must be done within 20th August 2016 and the duration of the tournament is also fixed because the ground has to be evacuated after certain duration (Lawton, 2011). The scope or performance of the project can be enhanced. All the arrangements can be made of high quality. In order to enhance the performance and also to conduct the tournament within such specified time limit, the management must accept the costs that are required for accomplishing such things. Work breakdown structures This one-day cricket tournament contains lots of activities. In order to make them easy and properly done they are broken down into several simpler works or activities (Deeprose, 2012). First of planning is done. In this stage, a time schedule is prepared. Then a budget is prepared according to the expected costs of the cricket kits, rent of the ground, costs for preparing shades and podium, wages of the technicians, rent of the electrical and electronic items, and the costs of the foods and beverages. The rents of the jersey are also included in this budget. It also includes the fees of the match referee and the two umpires. After this, a team is to be prepared for observing and reporting all the activities. Now a final confirmation notice is given to all the employees of the office and they are asked to participate in this tournament (Hyvri, 2016). They are also asked to make a team and enlist the name of the team. Names will only be taken as a team but not as individuals. The numb ers of total persons including and excluding the players are calculated. Now the application for the approval of organising the tournament on 20th august is to be done and sent to the in- charge of the club ground. The technicians and the persons for preparing shades and podium are to be informed. Then the jersey and the food and beverages are to be ordered. The cricket kit is also to be rented. The match referee and two umpires are selected (Hyvri, 2016). The prizes are to be bought. While doing these activities proper coordination must be met and this is to be monitored and reported by the assigned team members to the project manager. Figure: Work Breakdown Structure Source: (Harris, 2014) Cost estimation Cost estimation is needed in any project management and in this case it also required (Heerkens, 2012). The cost estimation of the project has been presented herein below: Rent of cricket kit = 200 SGD Rent of the ground = 800 SGD Technicians wage = 10 SGD/hour per person There will be two technicians and therefore total technicians wage = 2 x 10 x 15 = 300 SGD Total time is taken 15 hours. It includes the duration of the tournament and the time for setting the instruments before the match (Pernecky, 2015). They will have three assistants and their wage is 5 SGD/hour per person. Therefore, total wage = 5 x 15 x 3 = 225 SGD Costs of foods and beverages Basic lunch time menu with a drink = 12 SGD Breakfast = 6 SGD 1litre of milk = 4 SGD Total number of players = 13 (11 + 2) x 4 = 52 Total employees = 120 It is estimated that everyone will come, hence breakfast and meal will be provided for 120 persons. The milk will only be given to the players. The match referee and the umpires are to be given the same meal as the players (Field Keller, 2008). The CEO and MD and other important members are also to be given all the meals. The technicians and the assistants will also be given the meal that is kept for the nonplayers. The project manager and the project management team will also get the same meal as the other nonplayers. Now the total number of people has become 135. Therefore cost for meal of 135 people = 135 x (6 + 12) = 135 x 18 = 2430 SGD The cost of milk for the players (including match referee and umpires) and the important members = (52 + 5 + 3) x 4 = 60 x 4 = 240 SGD The arrangement of water will be done. 410 litres of water will be arranged. The cost of one litre of water is 3.78 SGD. Therefore, cost of water = 410 x 3.78 = 1549.8 SGD Therefore, total cost = (200 + 800 + 300 + 225 + 2430 + 240 + 1549.8) = 5744.8 SGD References Deeprose, D. (2012).Project management. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Field, M. Keller, L. (2008).Project management. London: International Thomson Business Press. Harris, V. (2014). Management Practice Event Management: A New Profession?.Event Management,9(1), 103-109. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/1525995042781039 Heerkens, G. (2012).Project management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hyvri, I. (2016). Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations. International Journal Of Project Management,24(3), 216-225. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.09.001 Kerzner, H. (2011).Project management. New York: John Wiley. Lawton, L. (2011). Introduction: Special Issue on Sustainability in the Event Management Sector.Event Management,15(4), 313-314. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599511x13175676722447 Maylor, H. (2010).Project management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Mikkelsen, H. (2010). Quality of project work and project management.International Journal Of Project Management,8(3), 138-143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(90)90014-3 Patel, V. (2008).Project management. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Co. Pernecky, T. (2015). Sustainable Leadership in Event Management.Event Management,19(1), 109-121. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599515x14229071393188 Reid, S. Ritchie, B. (2011). Risk Management: Event Managers' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Constraints.Event Management,15(4), 329-341. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599511x13175676722528